Saúde Global da Fundação Rockefeller e Desenvolvimento da Saúde Moderna da China
Palavras-chave:
China, Estações de saúde, Sistema de Saúde, PUMC, Fundação Rockefeller
Resumo
A Fundação Rockefeller (FR) foi a primeira organização privada a ter sistematicamente previsto e praticado a saúde pública como um sistema mundial. A FR exerceu ampla influência na divulgação da ciência médica, práticas e políticas de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Estabeleceu instituições de saúde pública semelhantes em muitos países, trabalhando com governos nacionais e coloniais, impérios da Europa e dos Estados Unidos e a Organização de Saúde da Liga das Nações. Este artigo enfoca o papel da FR no desenvolvimento da saúde moderna na China. Situa a discussão no contexto mais amplo do envolvimento da FR na Ásia. A FR obteve conquistas significativas na China, principalmente por meio dos mecanismos do International Health Board e das capacidades extraordinárias de John B. Grant. Com base em dados de arquivo e pesquisas recentes, este artigo examina o trabalho interativo entre funccionarios da FR, profissionais de saúde chineses e governo chinês na padronização do Ensino de ciências médicas e do treinamento de profissionais de saúde por meio do Peking Union Medical College e das estações de demonstração de saúde. Mostra como esses programas e instituições, em última análise, ajudaram a moldar a criação de um sistema nacional de saúde na China. Este estudo lança luz sobre o legado de longo prazo da FR na China e as impricações da medicina estatal e da eficiência médica para a saúde pública global atual.Downloads
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Referências
ADDRESSES AND PAPERS. Dedication ceremonies and medical conference, Peking Union Medical College. September 15-22, 1921, Peking, China. Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Press, 1922.
ALITTO, G. S. The last confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BANGDIWALA, S. I. et al. Public health education in India and China: history, opportunities, and challenges, Public Health Reviews, v. 33, n. 1, p. 204-224, 2011.
BOROWY, I. Thinking Big: League of Nations efforts towards a reformed national health system in China. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009a. p. 205-228.
BOROWY, I. Coming to terms with world health. Peter Lang GmbH, 2009b.
BOWERS, J. Z. Western medicine in a chinese palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951. Philadelphia: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1972.
BROWN, E. R. Rockefeller medicine men: medicine and capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BU, L. Cultural communication in picturing health: W. W. Peter and the public health campaigns in China, 1912-1926. In: SERLIN, D. (Ed.). Imagining illness: public health and visual culture. University of Minnesota Press, 2010. p. 24-39.
BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a.
BU, L. Beijing First Health Station: innovative public health education and influence on China’s health profession. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a. p. 129-143.
BU, L. From Public Health to State Medicine: John B. Grant and China’s health profession. Harvard Asia Quarterly, v. 14, n. 4, p. 8-15, December 2012b.
BU, L. John B. Grant: public health and State medicine. In: ANDREWS, B.; BULLOCK, M. (Eds.). Medical transitions in Twentieth-Century China. Indiana University Press, 2014. p. 212-226.
BU, L. Public Health and Modernization: the first campaigns in China, 1915-1916, Social History of Medicine, v. 22, n. 2, p. 305–319, August 2009a.
BU, L. Social Darwinism, Public Health and Modernization in China, 1895-1925. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009b. p. 93-124.
BU, L. Public health and the modernization of China, 1865-2015. London: Routledge, 2017.
BULLOCK, M. B. An american transplant: the Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
BULLOCK, M. B. The Oil Prince’s legacy: Rockefeller Philanthropy in China. Stanford University Press, 2011.
CHEN, C. Medicine in rural China: a personal account. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
CHEN, C. The development of systematic training in rural public health work in China. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Bulletin, v. 14, p. 370-387, 1936.
CHINA MEDICAL COMMISSION of the Rockefeller Foundation. Medicine in China. New York: the Rockefeller Foundation, 1914.
EYLER, J. M. Sir Arthur Newsholme and State medicine 1885–1935. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
FANG, X. Barefoot doctors and Western Medicine in China. New York: University of Rochester Press, 2012.
FARLEY, J. To cast out disease: a history of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1913-1951. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
FERGUSON, M. E. China Medical Board and Peking Union Medical College: a chronicle of fruitful collaboration, 1915-1951. New York: China Medical Board of New York, 1970.
FOSDICK, R. The story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper, 1952.
GAMBLE, S. D. Ting Hsien: a North China rural community. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.
GAO, X. Between the State and the private sphere: Chinese state medicine movement, 1930-1949. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012. p. 144-160.
GRANT, J. B. State medicine: a logical policy for China. National Medical Journal of China, v. 14, p. 65-80, February 1928.
GRANT, J. B.; PENG, T. M. Survey of urban public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1075-1078, October 1934.
HAYFORD, Charles W. To the people: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
HEWA, S. The Alma-Ata Declaration, Rockefeller Foundation and the development of primary health care in Sri Lanka: a model for health promotion. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 71-92.
HEWA, S. Colonialism, tropical disease and imperial medicine: Rockefeller Philanthropy in Sri Lanka. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
JOHNSON, T. P. Childbirth in Republican China: Delivering Modernity. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2011.
LI, L.; ZENG, Y. Selections from PUMC Medical Education Research. China: Peking Union Medical University Press, 2014.
LI, T. A. Summary report on rural public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1086-1090, October 1934.
LITSIOS, S. Selskar Gunn and China: The Rockefeller Foundation's ‘other’ approach to public health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, v. 79, n. 2, p. 295-318, Summer 2005.
LUCAS, A. Changing edmical models in China: organizational options or obstacles? The China Quarterly, v. 83, p. 461-489, Sept. 1980.
MA, Q. To change China: The Rockefeller Foundation’s Century-Long journey in China. China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2013.
NEWSHOLME, A. On the study of hygiene in elementary schools. Public Health, v. 3, p. 134-136, 1980.
PETER, W. W. The field and methods of public health work in the field of missionary enterprise. The China Medical Journal, v. 40, p. 226-230, March 1926.
POLS, H. Nurturing Indonesia: medicine and decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
STEIN, E. A. Hygiene and decolonization: The Rockefeller Foundation and Indonesian Nationalism, 1933-1958. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 51-70.
THE CHINA MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 38, n. 5, May 1924.
THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 5, n. 4, 1919.
THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Annual Report, 1923.
YIP, K. Health and national reconstruction in Nationalist China: the development of modern health services, 1928-1937. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 1995.
ZHANG, D. A social history of diseases in Modern China, 1912-1937. China: Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 2006.
ALITTO, G. S. The last confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BANGDIWALA, S. I. et al. Public health education in India and China: history, opportunities, and challenges, Public Health Reviews, v. 33, n. 1, p. 204-224, 2011.
BOROWY, I. Thinking Big: League of Nations efforts towards a reformed national health system in China. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009a. p. 205-228.
BOROWY, I. Coming to terms with world health. Peter Lang GmbH, 2009b.
BOWERS, J. Z. Western medicine in a chinese palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951. Philadelphia: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1972.
BROWN, E. R. Rockefeller medicine men: medicine and capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
BU, L. Cultural communication in picturing health: W. W. Peter and the public health campaigns in China, 1912-1926. In: SERLIN, D. (Ed.). Imagining illness: public health and visual culture. University of Minnesota Press, 2010. p. 24-39.
BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a.
BU, L. Beijing First Health Station: innovative public health education and influence on China’s health profession. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012a. p. 129-143.
BU, L. From Public Health to State Medicine: John B. Grant and China’s health profession. Harvard Asia Quarterly, v. 14, n. 4, p. 8-15, December 2012b.
BU, L. John B. Grant: public health and State medicine. In: ANDREWS, B.; BULLOCK, M. (Eds.). Medical transitions in Twentieth-Century China. Indiana University Press, 2014. p. 212-226.
BU, L. Public Health and Modernization: the first campaigns in China, 1915-1916, Social History of Medicine, v. 22, n. 2, p. 305–319, August 2009a.
BU, L. Social Darwinism, Public Health and Modernization in China, 1895-1925. In: BOROWY, I. (Ed.). Uneasy encounters: the politics of medicine and health in China 1900-1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009b. p. 93-124.
BU, L. Public health and the modernization of China, 1865-2015. London: Routledge, 2017.
BULLOCK, M. B. An american transplant: the Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
BULLOCK, M. B. The Oil Prince’s legacy: Rockefeller Philanthropy in China. Stanford University Press, 2011.
CHEN, C. Medicine in rural China: a personal account. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
CHEN, C. The development of systematic training in rural public health work in China. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Bulletin, v. 14, p. 370-387, 1936.
CHINA MEDICAL COMMISSION of the Rockefeller Foundation. Medicine in China. New York: the Rockefeller Foundation, 1914.
EYLER, J. M. Sir Arthur Newsholme and State medicine 1885–1935. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
FANG, X. Barefoot doctors and Western Medicine in China. New York: University of Rochester Press, 2012.
FARLEY, J. To cast out disease: a history of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1913-1951. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
FERGUSON, M. E. China Medical Board and Peking Union Medical College: a chronicle of fruitful collaboration, 1915-1951. New York: China Medical Board of New York, 1970.
FOSDICK, R. The story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper, 1952.
GAMBLE, S. D. Ting Hsien: a North China rural community. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.
GAO, X. Between the State and the private sphere: Chinese state medicine movement, 1930-1949. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012. p. 144-160.
GRANT, J. B. State medicine: a logical policy for China. National Medical Journal of China, v. 14, p. 65-80, February 1928.
GRANT, J. B.; PENG, T. M. Survey of urban public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1075-1078, October 1934.
HAYFORD, Charles W. To the people: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
HEWA, S. The Alma-Ata Declaration, Rockefeller Foundation and the development of primary health care in Sri Lanka: a model for health promotion. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 71-92.
HEWA, S. Colonialism, tropical disease and imperial medicine: Rockefeller Philanthropy in Sri Lanka. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
JOHNSON, T. P. Childbirth in Republican China: Delivering Modernity. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2011.
LI, L.; ZENG, Y. Selections from PUMC Medical Education Research. China: Peking Union Medical University Press, 2014.
LI, T. A. Summary report on rural public health practice in China. The Chinese Medical Journal, v. 48, p. 1086-1090, October 1934.
LITSIOS, S. Selskar Gunn and China: The Rockefeller Foundation's ‘other’ approach to public health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, v. 79, n. 2, p. 295-318, Summer 2005.
LUCAS, A. Changing edmical models in China: organizational options or obstacles? The China Quarterly, v. 83, p. 461-489, Sept. 1980.
MA, Q. To change China: The Rockefeller Foundation’s Century-Long journey in China. China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2013.
NEWSHOLME, A. On the study of hygiene in elementary schools. Public Health, v. 3, p. 134-136, 1980.
PETER, W. W. The field and methods of public health work in the field of missionary enterprise. The China Medical Journal, v. 40, p. 226-230, March 1926.
POLS, H. Nurturing Indonesia: medicine and decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
STEIN, E. A. Hygiene and decolonization: The Rockefeller Foundation and Indonesian Nationalism, 1933-1958. In: BU, L.; STAPLETON, D. H.; YIP, K. (Eds.). Science, public health and the State in Modern Asia. London: Routledge, 2012, p. 51-70.
THE CHINA MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 38, n. 5, May 1924.
THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL, v. 5, n. 4, 1919.
THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Annual Report, 1923.
YIP, K. Health and national reconstruction in Nationalist China: the development of modern health services, 1928-1937. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 1995.
ZHANG, D. A social history of diseases in Modern China, 1912-1937. China: Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 2006.
Publicado
2021-08-24
Como Citar
Bu, L. (2021). Saúde Global da Fundação Rockefeller e Desenvolvimento da Saúde Moderna da China. Revista História: Debates E Tendências, 21(3), 54 - 79. https://doi.org/10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12855
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